Values

Primitive Types
Expressions that can be used as a value
Automatic Type Casting

Primitive Types

String

Character strings encoded in UTF-8.

Integer

64-bit signed integers.

Float

64-bit floating point numbers.

Boolean

Boolean values. true or false.

Ternary

Values of three-valued logic. TRUE, UNKNOWN or FALSE.

Datetime

Values of Date and time with nano seconds.

Null

Representations of missing values.

NULL is not a state indicating that a value does not exist or UNKNOWN, but a value of a different type from UNKNOWN. Empty cells are set to NULL, and UNKNOWN is used as the results of the operator evaluations.

Note that NULL IS UNKNOWN evaluates to TRUE, but UNKNOWN IS NULL evaluates to FALSE.

Field Reference

References to fields in tables.

A field reference is represented by a column name or a table name and a column name joined with a full stop(U+002E). Fields can also be referred with column numbers in each table starting with 1.

field_reference
  : column_name
  | table_name.column_name
  | table_name.column_number

table_name: identifier
column_name: identifier
column_number: integer

Arithmetic Operation

Arithmetic Operators

String Operation

String Operators

Function

Subquery

Select Query enclosed in parentheses.

A result set of a subquery must have exactly one field and at most one record. If the result set has no record, that subquery returns null.

Variable

Variable Substitution

Environment Variable

Runtime Information

Flag

Parentheses

Values enclosed in parentheses.

Parentheses are used to specify the order of operations.

Case Expressions

Case syntax with condition

CASE
  WHEN condition THEN result
  [WHEN condition THEN result ...]
  [ELSE result]
END

condition: value
result: value

This syntax returns the result of the first WHEN expression that condition is TRUE. If no condition is TRUE, then returns the result of the ELSE expression or a null if there is no ELSE expression.

Case syntax with comparison

CASE value
  WHEN comparison_value THEN result
  [WHEN comparison_value THEN result ...]
  [ELSE result]
END

value: value
comparison_value: value
result: value

This syntax returns the result of the first WHEN expression that comparison_value is equal to value. If no comparison_value is match, then returns the result of the ELSE expression or a null if there is no ELSE expression.

Comparison Operation

Comparison Operators

Logic Operation

Logic Operators

Cursor Status

Automatic Type Casting

Every Value has a primitive type. A value is converted to another primitive type as necessary. For example, in arithmetic operations, both left-hand side value and right-hand side value are converted to integer or float values. If the conversion fails, then the value is converted to null.

Field values are imported as strings from csv. You can cast value types expressly by using cast functions. This is useful to format output such as numbers in JSON format.

conversion to	value type	description
String	Integer	An integer value is converted to a string representing a decimal integer.
	Float	A float value is converted to a string representing a floating-point decimal.
	Datetime	A datetime value is converted to a null.
	Boolean	A boolean value is converted to a null.
	Ternary	A ternaly value is converted to a null.
	Null	A null value is kept as it is.
Integer	String	If a string is a representation of a decimal integer or its exponential notation, then it is converted to an integer. Otherwise it is converted to a null.
	Float	If a float value has no value after the decimal point, then it is converted to an integer. Otherwise it is converted to a null.
	Datetime	A datetime value is converted to a null.
	Boolean	A boolean value is converted to a null.
	Ternary	A ternaly value is converted to a null.
	Null	A null value is kept as it is.
Float	String	If a string is a representation of a floating-point decimal or its exponential notation, then it is converted to a float. Otherwise it is converted to a null.
	Integer	An integer value is converted to a float.
	Datetime	A datetime value is converted to a null.
	Boolean	A boolean value is converted to a null.
	Ternary	A ternary value is converted to a null.
	Null	A null value is kept as it is.
Datetime	String	If a string value is a representation of an integer, or a float value, then it is converted to a datetime represented by the number as a unix time. If a string value is formatted as a datetime, then it is convered to a datetime. Otherwise, it is converted to a null.
	Integer	An integer value is converted to a null.
	Float	A float value is converted to a null.
	Boolean	A boolean value is converted to a null.
	Ternary	A ternaly value is converted to a null.
	Null	A null value is kept as it is.
Boolean	String	If a string value is any of ‘1’, ‘t’, ‘T’, ‘TRUE’, ‘true’ and ‘True’, then it is converted to true. If a string value is any of ‘0’, ‘f’, ‘F’, ‘FALSE’ and ‘false’, then it is converted to false. Otherwise it is converted to a null.
	Integer	If an integer value is 1, then it is converted to true. If an integer value is 0, then it is converted to false. Otherwise it is converted to a null.
	Float	If a float value is 1, then it is converted to true. If a float value is 0, then it is converted to false. Otherwise it is converted to a null.
	Datetime	A datetime value is converted to a null.
	Ternary	If a ternary value is TRUE, then it is converted to true. If a ternary value is FALSE, then it is converted to false. Otherwise it is converted to a null.
	Null	A null value is kept as it is.
Ternary	String	If a string value is any of ‘1’, ‘t’, ‘T’, ‘TRUE’, ‘true’ and ‘True’, then it is converted to TRUE. If a string value is any of ‘0’, ‘f’, ‘F’, ‘FALSE’ and ‘false’, then it is converted to FALSE. Otherwise it is converted to UNKNOWN.
	Integer	If an integer value is 1, then it is converted to TRUE. If an integer value is 0, then it is converted to FALSE. Otherwise it is converted to UNKNOWN.
	Float	If a float value is 1, then it is converted to TRUE. If a float value is 0, then it is converted to FALSE. Otherwise it is converted to UNKNOWN.
	Datetime	A datetime value is converted to UNKNOWN.
	Boolean	If a boolean value is true, then it is converted to TRUE. If a boolean value is false, then it is converted to FALSE.
	Null	A null value is converted to UNKNOWN.